Tomcat的启动分析(一) Lifecycle

Tomcat组件生命周期管理:Lifecycle

Lifecycle在其他框架中也很常见,比如spring,它常用于具有生命周期的组件,由Lifecycle控制组件的初始化、启动、销毁等动作,方便应用程序获取、释放某些资源,或者是触发某些特定的事件。Tomcat也是如此,在学习整个启动流程之前,我们先行了解下Lifecycle的实现机制,便于理解整个流程。

Lifecycle

Lifecycle接口是一个公用的接口,定义了组件生命周期的一些方法,用于启动、停止Catalina组件。它是一个非常重要的接口,组件的生命周期包括:init、start、stop、destory,以及各种事件的常量、操作LifecycleListener的API,典型的观察者模式。

public interface Lifecycle {

    // ----------------------- 定义各种EVENT事件 -----------------------

    public static final String BEFORE_INIT_EVENT = "before_init";
    public static final String AFTER_INIT_EVENT = "after_init";
    public static final String START_EVENT = "start";

    // 省略事件常量定义……

    /**
     * 注册一个LifecycleListener
     */
    public void addLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener listener);

    /**
     * 获取所有注册的LifecycleListener
     */
    public LifecycleListener[] findLifecycleListeners();

    /**
     * 移除指定的LifecycleListener
     */
    public void removeLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener listener);

    /**
     * 组件被实例化之后,调用该方法完成初始化工作,发会出以下事件
     * <ol>
     *   <li>INIT_EVENT: On the successful completion of component initialization.</li>
     * </ol>
     * @exception LifecycleException if this component detects a fatal error
     *  that prevents this component from being used
     */
    public void init() throws LifecycleException;

    /**
     * 在组件投入使用之前调用该方法,先后会发出以下事件:BEFORE_START_EVENT、START_EVENT、AFTER_START_EVENT
     * @exception LifecycleException if this component detects a fatal error
     *  that prevents this component from being used
     */
    public void start() throws LifecycleException;

    /**
     * 使组件停止工作
     */
    public void stop() throws LifecycleException;

    /**
     * 销毁组件时被调用
     */
    public void destroy() throws LifecycleException;

    /**
     * Obtain the current state of the source component.
     */
    public LifecycleState getState();

    /**
     * 获取state的文字说明
     */
    public String getStateName();

    /**
     * Marker interface used to indicate that the instance should only be used
     * once. Calling {@link #stop()} on an instance that supports this interface
     * will automatically call {@link #destroy()} after {@link #stop()}
     * completes.
     */
    public interface SingleUse {
    }
}

各大组件均实现了Lifecycle接口,类图如下所示:

  • LifecycleBase:它实现了Lifecycle的init、start、stop等主要逻辑,向注册在LifecycleBase内部的LifecycleListener发出对应的事件,并且预留了initInternal、startInternal、stopInternal等模板方法,便于子类完成自己的逻辑。

  • MBeanRegistration:JmxEnabled 的父类, jmx框架提供的注册MBean的接口,引入此接口是为了便于使用JMX提供的管理功能

  • LifecycleMBeanBase:JmxEnabled的子类,通过重写initInternal、destroyInternal方法,统一向jmx中注册/取消注册当前实例,方便利用jmx对实例对象进行管理,代码上特别强调要求子类先行调用super.initInternal

  • ContainerBase、StandardServer、StandardService、WebappLoader、Connector、StandardContext、StandardEngine、StandardHost、StandardWrapper等容器都继承了LifecycleMBeanBase,因此这些容器都具有了同样的生命周期并可以通过JMX进行管理。

public abstract class LifecycleMBeanBase extends LifecycleBase
        implements JmxEnabled {

    /**
     * Sub-classes wishing to perform additional initialization should override
     * this method, ensuring that super.initInternal() is the first call in the
     * overriding method.
     */
    protected void initInternal() throws LifecycleException {
        if (oname == null) {
            mserver = Registry.getRegistry(null, null).getMBeanServer();
            oname = register(this, getObjectNameKeyProperties());
        }
    }
}

public class Connector extends LifecycleMBeanBase  {
    protected void initInternal() throws LifecycleException {
        super.initInternal();
        adapter = new CoyoteAdapter(this);
        protocolHandler.setAdapter(adapter);
        // other code......
    }
}

LifecycleState

LifecycleState是枚举类,定义了各种状态:

public enum LifecycleState {

    // LifecycleBase实例化完成时的状态
    NEW(false, null),   

    // 容器正在初始化的状态,在INITIALIZED之前
    INITIALIZING(false, Lifecycle.BEFORE_INIT_EVENT),

    // 初始化完成的状态
    INITIALIZED(false, Lifecycle.AFTER_INIT_EVENT),

    // 启动前
    STARTING_PREP(false, Lifecycle.BEFORE_START_EVENT),

    // 启动过程中的状态
    STARTING(true, Lifecycle.START_EVENT),

    // 启动完成
    STARTED(true, Lifecycle.AFTER_START_EVENT),

    // 停止前的状态
    STOPPING_PREP(true, Lifecycle.BEFORE_STOP_EVENT),

    // 停止过程中
    STOPPING(false, Lifecycle.STOP_EVENT),

    // 停止完成
    STOPPED(false, Lifecycle.AFTER_STOP_EVENT),

    // 销毁中
    DESTROYING(false, Lifecycle.BEFORE_DESTROY_EVENT),

    // 完成销毁
    DESTROYED(false, Lifecycle.AFTER_DESTROY_EVENT),

    // 启动、停止过程中出现异常
    FAILED(false, null);

    private final boolean available;
    private final String lifecycleEvent;

    private LifecycleState(boolean available, String lifecycleEvent) {
        this.available = available;
        this.lifecycleEvent = lifecycleEvent;
    }

    public boolean isAvailable() {
        return available;
    }

    public String getLifecycleEvent() {
        return lifecycleEvent;
    }

}

LifecycleListener

要订阅事件的实体类需要实现LifecycleListener

public interface LifecycleListener {
    public void lifecycleEvent(LifecycleEvent event);
}

默认情况下,tomcat会内置一些LifecycleListener,配置在server.xml中,除了xml中的LifecycleListener,还有org.apache.catalina.core.NamingContextListener,而这个LifecycleListener是在StandardServer的构造器中添加的,各个LifecycleListener的作用在此不再细说。如果我们在tomcat启动、停止的时候增加额外的逻辑,比如发送邮件通知,则可以从这个地方入手。

<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener" />

<!--APR library loader. Documentation at /docs/apr.html -->
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener" SSLEngine="on" />

<!-- Prevent memory leaks due to use of particular java/javax APIs-->
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.JreMemoryLeakPreventionListener" />
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.mbeans.GlobalResourcesLifecycleListener" />
<Listener className="org.apache.catalina.core.ThreadLocalLeakPreventionListener" />
public StandardServer() {
    // 忽略部分代码
    if (isUseNaming()) {
        namingContextListener = new NamingContextListener();
        addLifecycleListener(namingContextListener);
    } else {
        namingContextListener = null;
    }
}

LifecycleBase

LifecycleBase实现了Lifecycle接口,完成了核心逻辑

  • StringManager:用来做日志信息参数化输出的,支持国际化

  • 内部使用CopyOnWriteArrayList维护所有的LifecycleListener,因为在各个生命周期,内部的LifecycleListener是会变化的,并且存在并发操作问题,因此使用了并发的List。注意,不同的LifecycleBase子类,其内部的lifecycleListeners存放不同的LifecyListener,比如Server和Service,它们是不同的Lifecycle实例,内部的lifecycleListeners也是不同

  • LifecycleBase的state初始值是LifecycleState.NEW,也存在并发修改的问题,用了volatile修饰

  • addLifecycleListener、removeLifecycleListener允许添加、删除LifecycleListener,告诉LifecycleBase有哪些监听者需要进行事件通知

  • fireLifecycleEvent:向内部注册的LifecycleListener发出事件通知,它是protected的方法,所以LifecycleBase的子类可以在适当的时机调用该方法发出事件通知。事件通知由LifecycleListener实现类决定要不要对特定的事件进行处理

  • setState:更新state值,并发出对应的事件通知,同样是调用fireLifecycleEvent

public abstract class LifecycleBase implements Lifecycle {

    // 日志国际化输出使用
    private static final StringManager sm = StringManager.getManager(LifecycleBase.class);

    // 维护LifecycleListener
    private final List<LifecycleListener> lifecycleListeners = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();

    // 初始状态是NEW
    private volatile LifecycleState state = LifecycleState.NEW;

    /**
     * 注册LifecycleListener
     */
    @Override
    public void addLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener listener) {
        lifecycleListeners.add(listener);
    }

    @Override
    public LifecycleListener[] findLifecycleListeners() {
        return lifecycleListeners.toArray(new LifecycleListener[0]);
    }

    /**
     * 移除LifecycleListener
     */
    @Override
    public void removeLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener listener) {
        lifecycleListeners.remove(listener);
    }

    /**
     * 发出事件通知,遍历内部所有的LifecycleListener,并调用其lifecycleEvent
     */
    protected void fireLifecycleEvent(String type, Object data) {
        LifecycleEvent event = new LifecycleEvent(this, type, data);
        for (LifecycleListener listener : lifecycleListeners) {
            listener.lifecycleEvent(event);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public LifecycleState getState() {
        return state;
    }

    @Override
    public String getStateName() {
        return getState().toString();
    }

    protected synchronized void setState(LifecycleState state)
            throws LifecycleException {
        setStateInternal(state, null, true);
    }

    protected synchronized void setState(LifecycleState state, Object data)
            throws LifecycleException {
        setStateInternal(state, data, true);
    }

    /**
     * 设置state值,并发出事件通知
     */
    private synchronized void setStateInternal(LifecycleState state,
            Object data, boolean check) throws LifecycleException {

        // 校验state的正确性
        if (check) {
            if (state == null) {
                invalidTransition("null");
                return;
            }

            // Any method can transition to failed
            // startInternal() permits STARTING_PREP to STARTING
            // stopInternal() permits STOPPING_PREP to STOPPING and FAILED to
            // STOPPING
            if (!(state == LifecycleState.FAILED ||
                    (this.state == LifecycleState.STARTING_PREP &&
                            state == LifecycleState.STARTING) ||
                    (this.state == LifecycleState.STOPPING_PREP &&
                            state == LifecycleState.STOPPING) ||
                    (this.state == LifecycleState.FAILED &&
                            state == LifecycleState.STOPPING))) {
                // No other transition permitted
                invalidTransition(state.name());
            }
        }

        this.state = state;
        String lifecycleEvent = state.getLifecycleEvent();
        if (lifecycleEvent != null) {
            fireLifecycleEvent(lifecycleEvent, data);
        }
    }

    // 省略其它代码......
}

Lifecycle组件的:init、start、stop、destory的套路基本上一样,先由LifecycleBase完成前期的校验、事件通知动作,再调用子类的方法完成自己的逻辑。

校验state-->发出事件通知
发出事件通知-->子类doInternal

init分析

@Override
public final synchronized void init() throws LifecycleException {
        // 1
        if (!state.equals(LifecycleState.NEW)) {

            invalidTransition(Lifecycle.BEFORE_INIT_EVENT);
        }

        setStateInternal(LifecycleState.INITIALIZING, null, false);

        try {
            // 2 
            initInternal();
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(t);
            setStateInternal(LifecycleState.FAILED, null, false);
            throw new LifecycleException(
                    sm.getString("lifecycleBase.initFail",toString()), t);
        }
        // 3 
        setStateInternal(LifecycleState.INITIALIZED, null, false);
}

下面我们逐一来分析一下上述代码中标注了数字的地方:

  1. 标注1的代码首先检测当前组件的状态是不是NEW(新建),如果不是就调用org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase#invalidTransition方法来将当前的状态转换过程终止invalidTransition的实现是抛出了org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException异常。接着调用了setStateInternal方法将状态设置为INITIALIZING(正在初始化)

  2. 标注2的代码就是init模板方法的钩子,子类可以通过实现protected abstract void initInternal() throws LifecycleException;方法来纳入初始化的流程。

  3. 标注3的代码将组件的状态改为INITIALIZED(已初始化)。

start分析

start过程会触发LifecycleState的STARTING_PREP、STARTED事件,如果出现启动失败还会触发FAILED事件,并且调用stop。因为会涉及多线程操作,因此对方法加了锁。如果start期间出现了异常,则会调用stop停止tomcat,或者state状态有误也会抛出异常

state状态变更时调用setStateInternal方法,遍历内部所有的LifecycleListener,并向其发起对应的事件通知,由LifecycleListener去完成某些动作。其子类可以直接调用fireLifecycleEvent,比如在StandardServer中,start过程会发出CONFIGURE_START_EVENT事件。注:所有事件的命名均定义在Lifecycle接口中。

public abstract class LifecycleBase implements Lifecycle {
    @Override
    public final synchronized void start() throws LifecycleException {

        // 如果是start前、进行中、start完成,则直接return
        if (LifecycleState.STARTING_PREP.equals(state) || LifecycleState.STARTING.equals(state) ||
                LifecycleState.STARTED.equals(state)) {
            // 忽略logger日志
            return;
        }

        // 完成init初始化
        if (state.equals(LifecycleState.NEW)) {
            init();
        } else if (state.equals(LifecycleState.FAILED)) {
            stop();
        } else if (!state.equals(LifecycleState.INITIALIZED) &&
                !state.equals(LifecycleState.STOPPED)) {
            invalidTransition(Lifecycle.BEFORE_START_EVENT);
        }

        try {
            // 发出STARTING_PREP事件
            setStateInternal(LifecycleState.STARTING_PREP, null, false);

            // 由子类实现
            startInternal();

            // 如果启动失败直接调用stop
            if (state.equals(LifecycleState.FAILED)) {
                stop();
            }
            // 说明状态有误
            else if (!state.equals(LifecycleState.STARTING)) {
                invalidTransition(Lifecycle.AFTER_START_EVENT);
            }
            // 成功完成start,发出STARTED事件
            else {
                setStateInternal(LifecycleState.STARTED, null, false);
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(t);
            setStateInternal(LifecycleState.FAILED, null, false);
            throw new LifecycleException(sm.getString("lifecycleBase.startFail", toString()), t);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 由子类实现
     */
    protected abstract void startInternal() throws LifecycleException;

}

总结

上面我们分析了init和start方法的流程,对于stop和destroy方法的总体过程是类似的,大家可以自己阅读一下,但是通过上面的分析,我们可以得出生命周期方法的总体的骨架,如果用 伪代码 来表示可以简化为如下:

public final synchronized void lfieCycleMethod() throws LifecycleException {

        stateCheck();//状态检查

        //设置为进入相应的生命周期之前的状态
        setStateInternal(LifecycleState.BEFORE_STATE, null, false);

        lfieCycleMethodInternal();//钩子方法

        //进入相应的生命周期之后的状态
        setStateInternal(LifecycleState.AFTER_STATE, null, false);
}

LifecycleMBeanBase

由前面的类图可知,LifecycleMBeanBase是LifecycleBase的直接子类,并且实现了JmxEnabled接口,很多组件都是直接继承它。

LifecycleMBeanBase完成了jmx注册的主要逻辑,重写了LifecycleBase的initInternal、destroyInternal方法,用于完成jmx的注册、注销动作,这两个模板方法中特别说明:

Sub-classes wishing to perform additional initialization should override this method,
ensuring that super.initInternal() is the first call in the overriding method.

为了保证jmx的正常注册和注销,要求子类在重写initInternal、destroyInternal方法时,必须先调用super.initInternal()。例如Connector:

public class Connector extends LifecycleMBeanBase  {
    @Override
    protected void initInternal() throws LifecycleException {

        // 先行调用LifecycleMBeanBase的initInternal
        super.initInternal();

        // Initialize adapter
        adapter = new CoyoteAdapter(this);
        protocolHandler.setAdapter(adapter);

        // other code......
    }

    // other code......
}

我们再来看看LifecycleMBeanBase的内部实现,在initInternal阶段初始化MBeanServer实例,并且把当前实例注册到jmx中;而destroyInternal阶段则是根据ObjectName注销MBean:

public abstract class LifecycleMBeanBase extends LifecycleBase
        implements JmxEnabled {

    /**
     * jmx的域,默认使用Service的name,即"Catalina"
     */
    private String domain = null;

    /**
     * 用于标识一个MBean的对象名称,也可以根据这个name来查找MBean
     */
    private ObjectName oname = null;

    /**
     * jmx的核心组件,提供代理端操作MBean的接口,提供了创建、注册、删除MBean的接口,它由MBeanServerFactory创建
     */
    protected MBeanServer mserver = null;

    @Override
    protected void initInternal() throws LifecycleException {
        if (oname == null) {
            mserver = Registry.getRegistry(null, null).getMBeanServer();
            oname = register(this, getObjectNameKeyProperties());
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected void destroyInternal() throws LifecycleException {
        unregister(oname);
    }

    protected final void unregister(ObjectName on) {
        if (on == null) {
            return;
        }
        if (mserver == null) {
            log.warn(sm.getString("lifecycleMBeanBase.unregisterNoServer", on));
            return;
        }
        try {
            mserver.unregisterMBean(on);
        } catch (MBeanRegistrationException e) {
            log.warn(sm.getString("lifecycleMBeanBase.unregisterFail", on), e);
        } catch (InstanceNotFoundException e) {
            log.warn(sm.getString("lifecycleMBeanBase.unregisterFail", on), e);
        }

    }
}

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